The physical layer implementations vary depending on the distance of the equipment from the services, the speed, and the type of service itself. Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay. The speed of these connections ranges from 2400 bits per second (bps) to T1 service at 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps) and E1 service at 2.048 megabits per seconds (Mbps).
ISDN offers dial-on-demand connections or dial backup services. An ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is composed of two 64 kbps bearer channels (B channels) for data, and one delta channel (D channel) at 16 kbps used for signaling and other link-management tasks. PPP is typically used to carry data over the B channels.
With the increasing demand for residential broadband high-speed services, DSL and cable modem connections are becoming more popular. For example, typical residential DSL service can achieve T1/E1 speeds over the existing telephone line. Cable services use the existing coaxial cable TV line. A coaxial cable line provides high-speed connectivity matching or exceeding that of DSL. DSL and cable modem service will be covered in more detail in a later module.
WAN serial connections
| For long distance communication, WANs use serial transmission. This is a process by which bits of data are sent over a single channel. This process provides more reliable long distance communication and the use of a specific electromagnetic or optical frequency range. Frequencies are measured in terms of cycles per second and expressed in Hertz (Hz). Signals transmitted over voice grade telephone lines use 4 kilohertz (kHz). The size of the frequency range is referred to as bandwidth. In networking, bandwidth is a measure of the bits per second that are transmitted. For a Cisco router, physical connectivity at the customer site is provided by one of two types of serial connections. The first type of serial connections is a 60-pin connector. The second is a more compact ‘smart serial’ connector. The provider connector will vary depending on the type of service equipment. If the connection is made directly to a service provider, or a device that provides signal clocking such as a channel/data service unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data terminal equipment (DTE) and use a DTE serial cable. Typically this is the case. However, there are occasions where the local router is required to provide the clocking rate and therefore will use a data communications equipment (DCE) cable. In the curriculum router labs one of the connected routers will need to provide the clocking function. Therefore, the connection will consist of a DCE and a DTE cable. |
Routers are responsible for routing data packets from source to destination within the LAN, and for providing connectivity to the WAN. Within a LAN environment the router contains broadcasts, provides local address resolution services, such as ARP and RARP, and may segment the network using a subnetwork structure. In order to provide these services the router must be connected to the LAN and WAN.
In addition to determining the cable type, it is necessary to determine whether DTE or DCE connectors are required. The DTE is the endpoint of the user’s device on the WAN link. The DCE is typically the point where responsibility for delivering data passes into the hands of the service provider.
When connecting directly to a service provider, or to a device such as a CSU/DSU that will perform signal clocking, the router is a DTE and needs a DTE serial cable. This is typically the case for routers. However, there are cases when the router will need to be the DCE. When performing a back-to-back router scenario in a test environment, one of the routers will be a DTE and the other will be a DCE. 
When cabling routers for serial connectivity, the routers will either have fixed or modular ports. The type of port being used will affect the syntax used later to configure each interface.
Interfaces on routers with fixed serial ports are labeled for port type and port number.
Interfaces on routers with modular serial ports are labeled for port type, slot, and port number. The slot is the location of the module. To configure a port on a modular card, it is necessary to specify the interface using the syntax “port type slot number/port number.” Use the label “serial 1/0,” when the interface is serial, the slot number where the module is installed is slot 1, and the port that is being referenced is port 0.
Routers and ISDN BRI connections
| With ISDN BRI, two types of interfaces may be used, BRI S/T and BRI U. Determine who is providing the Network Termination 1 (NT1) device in order to determine which interface type is needed. An NT1 is an intermediate device located between the router and the service provider ISDN switch. The NT1 is used to connect four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional two-wire local loop. In North America, the customer typically provides the NT1, while in the rest of the world the service provider provides the NT1 device. It may be necessary to provide an external NT1 if the device is not already integrated into the router. Reviewing the labeling on the router interfaces is usually the easiest way to determine if the router has an integrated NT1. A BRI interface with an integrated NT1 is labeled BRI U. A BRI interface without an integrated NT1 is labeled BRI S/T. Because routers can have multiple ISDN interface types, determine which interface is needed when the router is purchased. The type of BRI interface may be determined by looking at the port label.
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Routers and DSL connections
The Cisco 827 ADSL router has one asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) interface. To connect an ADSL line to the ADSL port on a router, do the following:
To connect a router for DSL service, use a phone cable with RJ-11 connectors. DSL works over standard telephone lines using pins 3 and 4 on a standard RJ-11 connector. |
The Cisco uBR905 cable access router provides high-speed network access on the cable television system to residential and small office, home office (SOHO) subscribers. The uBR905 router has a coaxial cable, or F-connector, interface that connects directly to the cable system. Coaxial cable and a BNC connector are used to connect the router and cable system.
Use the following steps to connect the Cisco uBR905 cable access router to the cable system:
- Verify that the router is not connected to power.
- Locate the RF coaxial cable coming from the coaxial cable (TV) wall outlet.
- Install a cable splitter/directional coupler, if needed, to separate signals for TV and computer use. If necessary, also install a high-pass filter to prevent interference between the TV and computer signals.
- Connect the coaxial cable to the F connector of the router.
Hand-tighten the connector, making sure that it is finger-tight, and then give it a 1/6 turn with a wrench. - Make sure that all other coaxial cable connectors, all intermediate splitters, couplers, or ground blocks, are securely tightened from the distribution tap to the Cisco uBR905 router.
Caution: Do not over tighten the connector. Over tightening may break off the connector. Do not use a torque wrench because of the danger of tightening the connector more than the recommended 1/6 turns after it is finger-tight.
Setting up console connections
To initially configure the Cisco device, a management connection must be directly connected to the device. For Cisco equipment this management attachment is called a console port. The console port allows monitoring and configuration of a Cisco hub, switch, or router. The cable used between a terminal and a console port is a rollover cable, with RJ-45 connectors.
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8 to 1To set up a connection between the terminal and the Cisco console port, perform two steps. First, connect the devices using a rollover cable from the router console port to the workstation serial port. An RJ-45-to-DB-9 or an RJ-45-to-DB-25 adapter may be required for the PC or terminal. Next, configure the terminal emulation application with the following common equipment (COM) port settings: 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
The AUX port is used to provide out-of-band management through a modem. The AUX port must be configured by way of the console port before it can be used. The AUX port also uses the settings of 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
Cisco Systems, Inc.
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